Reaching the remarkable age of 110 often means being surrounded by predominantly women, as studies suggest that women have a significantly greater chance of becoming ‘supercentenarians’.
Studies from Boston University Medical Campus in 2023 revealed that while men make up 15% of centenarians, women make up an overwhelming 85%. When it comes to supercentenarians aged 110 or older, women could account for around 90% of this exceptional demographic.
The phenomenon is not fully understood, and various theories attempt to explain it. One significant factor pointed out by US-based scientists is ‘antagonistic pleiotropy’. This concept suggests that biological processes which were once advantageous for evolution may become detrimental with age. In the case of men, the hormone testosterone is implicated.
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Testosterone, while beneficial for muscle and bone strength, as well as fat distribution, may increase the risk of various health issues as men age. This includes conditions such as atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, and pulmonary embolism.
Biologically, men and women have differing genetic compositions with men having one X and one Y chromosome, and women possessing two X chromosomes. Research from Harvard University suggests that the Y chromosome is more susceptible to mutations compared to the X chromosome, potentially leading to reduced genetic protection against certain diseases.
Additionally, a recent study highlighted that although women generally live longer, they also experience more years in ‘poor health’. This is attributed to non-life-threatening conditions such as headaches, musculoskeletal issues, and mental health problems, which disproportionately affect women.
While gender plays a role in the likelihood of becoming a supercentenarian, it’s important to recognize the impact of lifestyle factors. Research from Griffith University emphasizes the significance of physical activity in increasing life expectancy, suggesting that Americans over 40 could potentially add five years to their lives by being as active as the top 25%.
In conclusion, while women demonstrate a higher likelihood of reaching 100 and beyond, the interplay of genetics, hormones, and lifestyle factors all contribute to the complex landscape of longevity.