Recent research from the University of Bristol has uncovered a significant connection between high Body Mass Index (BMI) and the risk of developing vascular dementia, a severe form of cognitive decline affecting millions worldwide. BMI, a common measure of healthy weight relative to height, has long been associated with various health risks, but this study sheds new light on its relationship with dementia.
Utilizing Mendelian Randomisation—a sophisticated genetic analysis method—the scientists examined extensive data from both the UK and global populations. Their findings confirmed that a higher BMI increases the likelihood of vascular dementia, with elevated blood pressure emerging as the primary factor driving this link. This suggests that managing hypertension could be a crucial strategy in reducing dementia risk.
Dr. Liv Tybjærg Nordestgaard, who spearheaded the research, emphasized the growing urgency of addressing this public health challenge. “Dementia is a devastating disease that currently affects 50 million people globally. With limited treatment and prevention options, our study highlights the importance of controlling high BMI and blood pressure to lower the risk of vascular-related dementia.”
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Vascular dementia results from reduced blood flow to the brain and impacts around 180,000 individuals in the UK alone. Though its symptoms typically worsen over time, interventions that lower blood pressure and address weight can help slow progression.
This new research adds to an expanding body of evidence suggesting that lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in dementia prevention. The 2024 Lancet Commission report identified that nearly 45% of dementia cases globally could be delayed or prevented by targeting 14 key risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Wendy Weidner, Director of Research and Publications at Alzheimer’s Disease International, reinforced the importance of early intervention: “Addressing these risk factors throughout life, especially in underserved populations, presents a valuable opportunity to reduce dementia’s global burden. While there is no cure yet, proactive risk management can profoundly impact individuals and society.”
While BMI remains a widely used indicator for assessing healthy weight, it has limitations. It does not differentiate between muscle and fat, and therefore should be interpreted alongside other measures such as waist circumference for a fuller picture of health.
Official guidance from the NHS warns that a higher BMI raises the risk of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Calculating BMI is straightforward through available online tools but is not suitable for children under 18, pregnant individuals, or those with certain medical conditions affecting height.
Ultimately, the study underscores the critical interconnection between weight, blood pressure, and brain health, illustrating that managing BMI and hypertension may be key steps toward preventing vascular dementia.